[647] In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. [159] In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. [608] Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. [678] According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. [293] In mid-1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky's supporters to form the United Opposition against Stalin;[294] in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion, and later publicly recanted their views under Stalin's command. [430] He also initiated "national operations", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groupsamong them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinesethrough internal or external exile. [666] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. He officially ruled the country from 1924-1953. [528] Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1922 and took over as the effective leader of the nation following Lenin's death in 1924. U.S. led forces pushed the North Koreans back. [848] They had two biological childrena son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana, and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. [719] Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a "natural extremist";[794] Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. [902], Official records reveal 799,455 documented executions in the Soviet Union between 1921 and 1953; 681,692 of these were carried out between 1937 and 1938, the years of the Great Purge. Firstly, the divisions within the party, made his task of eliminating people less complicated, he only had individuals, not groups of people against him. [134] Lenin, who encouraged Stalin to write an article on the subject,[135] wanted to attract those groups to the Bolshevik cause by offering them the right of secession from the Russian state, but also hoped they would remain part of a future Bolshevik-governed Russia. [475] Although de facto head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as de jure head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. [895] Since his death many more biographies have been written,[896] although until the 1980s these relied largely on the same sources of information. [378] It therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the production of consumer goods. He further states the estimate is far lower than the estimates of 20million or above which were made before access to the archives. A+. [460] On 17 September, the Red Army entered eastern Poland, officially to restore order amid the collapse of the Polish state. [901] Stalin has also been accused of genocide in the cases of forced population transfer of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and the famine in Ukraine. [652] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. [561] In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. [68] During his exile, the RSDLP had split between Vladimir Lenin's "Bolsheviks" and Julius Martov's "Mensheviks". [6] His birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili,[d] and he was nicknamed "Soso", a diminutive of "Ioseb". [900], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history. [109] He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province, arriving there in February 1909. [389] Stalin blamed the famine on hostile elements and sabotage within the peasantry;[390] his government provided small amounts of food to famine-struck rural areas, although this was wholly insufficient to deal with the levels of starvation. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. [695] In his book, Foundations of Leninism, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". [236] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. [868] According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from "the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory. Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming Western powers for the war. [611], In October 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong took power in China. [830] Kotkin observed that Stalin "generally gravitated to people like himself: parvenu intelligentsia of humble background". Tamil Nadu Governor vs Stalin govt: Guv RN Ravi to visit Delhi again; second such visit within a week. [780] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. "[694], Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. [618] With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. [681] Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances; in 1917, he declared that "there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism. About half were then imprisoned in labour camps. [92] In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. [431] During these years, approximately 1.6million people were arrested,[432] 700,000 were shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. Stalin, however, did this strategically, executing the murder of Vladimir Lenin in a guiltless manner. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [352] Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian,[353] he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices, albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities. Despite initial catastrophes, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. Born to a poor family in Gori in the Russian Empire (now Georgia), Stalin attended the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary before joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. [295] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. [111] In March 1910, he was arrested again and sent back to Solvychegodsk. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. [758] After 1932, he favoured holidays in Abkhazia, being a friend of its leader, Nestor Lakoba. [568] It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. [98], In Baku, Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of the local RSDLP branch[99] and edited two Bolshevik newspapers, Bakinsky Proletary and Gudok ("Whistle"). [717] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. Fair leadership doesn't use power to make arbitrary and . [232] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war. Since the end of his life there has been speculation that a mental illness contributed to Stalin's brutishness. [303] According to Montefiore, at this point "Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator". [299], Stalin was now the party's supreme leader,[300] although he was not the head of government, a task he entrusted to his key ally Vyacheslav Molotov. Reason 3: He was Stalin Reason 4: He killed between six million and 20 million people. [542] Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. Stalin later implanted the use of fear, as well as the use of a secret police force to keep the people in check. [407], When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent 648 aircraft and 407 tanks to the left-wing Republican faction; these were accompanied by 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the International Brigades set up by the Communist International. [691] As a propaganda tool, the shaming of "enemies" explained all inadequate economic and political outcomes, the hardships endured by the populace, and military failures. D. Stalin suppressed Lenin's wishes that Stalin NOT follow him as leader of the Soviet Union, fearing Stalin's approach to power. [306], In 1926, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism. Best known for: Fighting the Germans in WW2 and starting the Cold War. [108] There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. [638] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. [599], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. [670] The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953: Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bulganin, Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. He and Hitler were about the same height, approximately five feet, eight. [835], Stalin was no womanizer. Stalin was born in the Georgian town of Gori,[2] then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgian, Azeri, Armenian, Russian, and Jewish communities. [893] During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. Stalin, for the most part, was a successful leader. On June 11, 1937, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin had 8 of his top army generals executed as part of The Great Purge. During these years, the country experienced another major famine and an antisemitic campaign that culminated in the doctors' plot. [863] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygina; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. [113] In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda, where he stayed for two months,[114] having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. [521] There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who were together known as the "Big Three". [154], While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. [127] [263] A compromise was reached, in which the federation would be renamed the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). [607] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. [436] Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. [519] When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. [248] There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party, as Trotsky led a faction calling for abolition of trade unions; Lenin opposed this, and Stalin helped rally opposition to Trotsky's position. [472] He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. The Congress, and Zhukov constantly critised Stalin for things that he would do, and propose better ideas. [645] In 1950, Stalin issued the article "Marxism and Problems of Linguistics", which reflected his interest in questions of Russian nationhood. [536], In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. [795] He was instead an emotionally intelligent and feeling intellectual. Stalin promoted MarxismLeninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements during the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War. Stalin presided over the Soviet post-war reconstruction and its development of an atomic bomb in 1949. [476], In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, initiating the war on the Eastern Front. [128] Stalin returned to Saint Petersburg, where he continued editing and writing articles for Pravda. Comrade Stalin constantly warns us that not conceit but modesty distinguishes the Bolshevik, that any leader, in whatever post he may be, is the servant of the people. [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). [744] He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. [206] At the same time, he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign when affronted. Here are 10 facts about Joseph Stalin. Well, no. And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? [ 2] Without providing a clear successor, he left the party in chaos and the in-fighting and division . Stalin's editorial in Pravda, October 1917[165], Stalin helped organise the July Days uprising, an armed display of strength by Bolshevik supporters. [853] Conversely, Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood,[854] and was also very fond of Artyom. His long reign finally ended. [584] Current estimates indicate that between one million and 1.5million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result. Stalin ruled up until his own death in 1953. Churchill was concerned that this was the case and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal. [432] His personal writings from the period were according to Khlevniuk "unusually convoluted and incoherent", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. "[837] However, Montefiore noted that in his early life Stalin "rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend. leader Sanjay Raut to join Rahul Gandhi's 'padyatra' in J&K . [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. Theories proposed Stalin's involvement with Vladimir's death, in which Stalin later admitted to via letter. Stalin's strategy for emerging as leader was to destroy the authority of his opponents. Stalin made a decision to use his power over the country to raise production. [934], Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. There was a power struggle among the Soviet Communist Party elite to succeed Stalin after his death in 1953. Why would we let them have guns?" Joseph Stalin 18 likes Like [455] On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov. [537] Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annexe Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan. [501] The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. First, it is necessary to recognize the factors involved in this decision that will affect you. 1922 (29th December) The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was created. [316] At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. [574] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but re-instituted in 1950. [163] This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time.[164]. Stalin was clever in his tactics to become leader. [86] Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time. [399] During the later 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Erivan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. Amid the war, the Soviets annexed the Baltic states and Bessarabia and North Bukovina, subsequently establishing Soviet-aligned governments throughout Central and Eastern Europe and in parts of East Asia. [469] The Soviets sought to forestall dissent in these new East European territories with mass repressions. Joseph Stalin used savage tactics to keep his powers. Some of the photos may be from earlier dates, but it is believed that this photo of Stalin was taken in 1893. [440] He was particularly concerned at the success that right-wing forces had in overthrowing the leftist Spanish government,[441] fearing a domestic fifth column in the event of future war with Japan and Germany. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers and entered a period of tension, the Cold War. [844] When she died, Stalin allegedly said: "This creature softened my heart of stone. [185] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[186] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. Born: December 8, 1878 in Gori, Georgia. [233] Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. [866] Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician;[867] Montefiore labelled Stalin as "that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer", a man who was "the ultimate politician" and "the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans". Stalin was a broad fellow, with a very heavily pock-marked face". "[824] Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. The details of the assassination still remain a mystery, but much circumstantial evidence indicates that the head of the Soviet secret police planned Kirov's murder on orders from Stalin. [916], Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union. See answer (1) Best Answer. The Constituent Assembly was declared dissolved by the Bolshevik-Left SR Soviet government, rendering the end the term served. [634] Stalin's increasing tolerance of anti-Semitism may have stemmed from his increasing Russian nationalism or from the recognition that anti-Semitism had proved a useful mobilising tool for Hitler and that he could do the same;[635] he may have increasingly viewed the Jewish people as a "counter-revolutionary" nation whose members were loyal to the U.S.[636] There were rumours, although they have never been substantiated, that Stalin was planning on deporting all Soviet Jews to the Jewish Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan, eastern Siberia. Soviet Union, [ 186 ] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his early Stalin... ] During the 1930s, particularly in the Spanish Civil War standing in the Spanish War. 1907 she bore a son, Yakov the Soviet Union and the production of consumer goods a celebratory mood Stalin! 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